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“''Every age has its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own peculiar preconceptions.''” Clausewitz Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare and cyberwarfare.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Defense lacks doctrine to guide it through cyberwarfare )〕 By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=NATO Review )〕 Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the battlespace requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Information Week Government )〕 But it can also be to direct an influx of refugees to destabilize areas and regions in terms of economy and to create social unrest. There are a variety of terms used to refer to the hybrid war concept: ''hybrid war'', ''hybrid warfare'', ''hybrid threat'', or ''hybrid adversary''. US military bodies tend to speak in terms of a hybrid threat, while academic literature speaks of a hybrid warfare. For the purposes of this article, these terms are used interchangeably. == Definition == There is no universally accepted definition of hybrid warfare which leads to some debate whether the term is useful at all. Some argue that the term is too abstract and only the latest term to refer to irregular methods to counter a conventionally superior force. The abstractness of the term means that it is often used as a catch all term for all non-linear threats. Hybrid warfare is warfare with the following aspects: * A non-standard, complex, and fluid adversary. A hybrid adversary can be state or non-state. For example, in the Israel-Hezbollah War and the Syrian Civil War the main adversaries are non-state entities within the state system. These non-state actors can act as proxies for countries but have independent agendas as well. For example, Iran is a sponsor of Hezbollah but it was Hezbollah’s, not Iran’s, agenda that resulted in the kidnapping of Israeli troops that led to the Israel-Hezbollah war. On the other hand, Russian involvement in Ukraine can be described as a traditional state actor waging a hybrid war (in addition to using a local hybrid proxy). Note that Russia denies involvement in the Ukraine conflict.〔〔 * A hybrid adversary uses a combination of conventional and irregular methods. Methods and tactics include conventional capabilities, irregular tactics, irregular formations, terrorist acts, indiscriminate violence, and criminal activity. A hybrid adversary also uses clandestine actions to avoid attribution or retribution. These methods are used simultaneously across the spectrum of conflict with a unified strategy. A current example is the Islamic State’s transnational aspirations, blended tactics, structured formations, and cruel use of terror as part of their arsenal.〔〔〔 * A hybrid adversary is flexible and adapts quickly. For example, the Islamic State’s response to the U.S. aerial bombing campaign was to quickly reduce the use of checkpoints, large convoys, and cell phones. IS militants also dispersed among the civilian population. Civilian collateral damage from airstrikes can be used as an effective recruiting tool.〔 * A hybrid adversary uses advanced weapons systems and other disruptive technologies. These weapons can be now bought at bargain prices. Moreover, other novel technologies are being adapted to the battlefield such as cellular networks. In 2006, Hezbollah was armed with high-tech weaponry, such as precision guided missiles, that nation-states typically use. Hezbollah forces shot down Israeli helicopters, severely damaged a patrol boat with a cruise missile and destroyed heavily armored tanks by firing guided missiles from hidden bunkers. The organization also used aerial drones to gather intelligence, communicated with encrypted cell phones and watched Israeli troop movements with thermal night-vision equipment.〔〔 * Use of mass communication for propaganda. The growth of mass communication networks offers powerful propaganda and recruiting tools.〔 * A hybrid war takes place on three distinct battlefields: the conventional battlefield, the indigenous population of the conflict zone, and the international community.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hybrid warfare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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